Introduction

The integration of digital technologies into everyday life has profoundly transformed human interactions, learning, and entertainment, especially for children and adolescents (2019) (Panjeti-Madan & Ranganathan, 2023). The ubiquity of devices such as smartphones, tablets, and video game consoles has made screen time an unavoidable part of daily routines. While these digital media offer potential benefits, such as access to social contacts and support, as well as learning opportunities and health promotion (Cullen et al., 2024), their excessive use has raised growing concerns due to its implications for physical and mental health and overall development (Devi & Singh, 2023). The COVID-19 pandemic accentuated this trend, forcing a significant increase in screen time for both educational and leisure purposes (Pardhan et al., 2022). This article addresses the challenges arising from excessive screen use and proposes strategic solutions to foster healthy digital habits.

Current overview of screen use in the digital age

Expansion and normalization of the use of digital devices

The widespread adoption of digital technology has led to the normalization of screen use across all age groups, particularly among young people. Devices such as mobile phones, iPads, and computers are central to children’s daily activities (Panjeti-Madan & Ranganathan, 2023). During the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant increase in screen time was observed among children and adolescents, a trend that raises concerns about its effects on eye and overall health (Pardhan et al., 2022). Despite pediatric guidelines recommending limiting screen time, only a minority of children under five years of age adhere to them (McArthur et al., 2022). For example, only 24.7% of children under two years of age meet the zero-hour screen time recommendation, and 35.6% of children between two and five years of age adhere to the one-hour daily guideline (McArthur et al., 2022).

Sociodemographic and family factors associated with screen time

Various sociodemographic factors and family dynamics influence screen time. Parents’ perceptions of their children’s habits and the presence of televisions or computers in the bedroom are associated with increased screen time (Jain et al., 2023). In one study, 64% of children had a television or computer in their room, which correlated with inattention and hyperactivity problems (Vohr et al., 2021). Youth cultural norms, where screen time is considered an integral part of daily life, also contribute to this trend, facilitating entertainment and social interaction (Minges et al., 2015). Family socioeconomic status can also correlate with screen time and its effects, as sociodemographic inequalities are linked to the burden of mental health disorders, which could be influenced by digital use. In addition, the nutritional status of parents, especially overweight or obesity of the father, has been associated with increased screen time in adolescents (Souza et al., 2020).

International recommendations and challenges in their implementation

The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued specific guidelines to limit daily screen time in order to mitigate its negative health effects (Priftis & Panagiotakos, 2023). Pediatric recommendations vary by age: zero minutes for children aged 0 to 2 years, less than 60 minutes for children aged 3 to 5 years, and 60 minutes for children aged 6 to 8 years (Panjeti-Madan & Ranganathan, 2023). Despite the clarity of these guidelines, their implementation faces significant challenges. A meta-analysis showed that only a minority of young children comply with them, with prevalence rates of 24.7% for children under two years old and 35.6% for children aged two to five years (McArthur et al., 2022). The variability in adherence suggests an urgent need to provide support and resources to families to integrate these evidence-based recommendations into their daily lives (McArthur et al., 2022).

Challenges associated with excessive screen use

Impacts on physical health: sleep, vision, and obesity

Excessive screen time is associated with various negative repercussions for physical health. Impacts on sleep, physical activity, visual acuity, headaches, and musculoskeletal problems have been documented (Priftis & Panagiotakos, 2023)(Devi & Singh, 2023). In particular, eye strain and myopia are prominent concerns, exacerbated by increased digital use during events such as the pandemic (Pardhan et al., 2022). Furthermore, there is a clear association between screen time and the risk of overweight and obesity in children (Priftis & Panagiotakos, 2023)(n.d.)(Souza et al., 2020). Adolescents who accumulate a lot of screen time, both on school days and non-school days, exhibit worse health-related habits, including less physical activity, shorter sleep duration, and a diet less adhering to healthy patterns (Sánchez-Miguel et al., 2022).

Effects on cognitive, emotional, and social development

Prolonged screen time during critical stages of brain development can affect cognitive, emotional, and social development (Manwell et al., 2022). A relationship has been observed between screen time and lower IQ, deficits in executive functions, and inattention problems in school-aged children (Vohr et al., 2021). In early childhood, screen time has a delayed influence on social skills and non-social behaviors, with no inverse relationship observed (Aishworiya et al., 2022). Exposure to television programs and background television are negatively associated with cognitive and psychosocial outcomes (Mallawaarachchi et al., 2024). Daily screen time exceeding four hours is linked to an increased risk of anxiety, depression, behavioral problems, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (nd-a).

Risks of addiction, overexposure, and digital exclusion

Excessive use of digital devices carries risks of addiction and overexposure, especially in children and adolescents (Žmavc et al., 2025). Chronic sensory overstimulation during brain development, caused by excessive screen exposure, can increase the risk of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disorders, and even accelerate neurodegeneration in adulthood (Manwell et al., 2022). There is a reciprocal relationship between screen use and socio-emotional problems, with this association being strongest for video games (Vasconcellos et al., 2025). Digital exclusion, although not explicitly addressed in the documents provided regarding excessive use, can arise if a lack of skills or adequate access to technology limits participation in necessary or beneficial activities, exacerbating existing social gaps. Therefore, it is essential to consider not only the volume but also the quality and context of digital interaction.

Parental and school barriers to reducing screen time

Reducing screen time faces significant barriers both at home and at school. Parents often find themselves in a contradictory position, recognizing the importance of limiting their children’s screen time while simultaneously modeling and promoting its use (Minges et al., 2015). This ambivalence results in inconsistent messaging about appropriate screen use. Youth culture, which integrates screen time as a social norm for entertainment and interaction, also presents an obstacle to behavioral change (Minges et al., 2015). Lack of parental monitoring or ineffective control are contributing factors to the difficulty of adhering to guidelines (Minges et al., 2015). Furthermore, the implementation of international recommendations is hampered by a lack of support and resources available to families, making it difficult to integrate these guidelines into daily life (McArthur et al., 2022).

Solutions and strategies for healthy screen use

Family management and informed monitoring of screen time

To promote healthy screen use, family management and informed monitoring are essential. This involves appropriate management and conscious supervision of screen time and behavior (2019). Establishing agreed-upon rules and limits between parents and children is perceived as an effective strategy (Minges et al., 2015). Family interventions, for their part, have proven beneficial in improving the health of family members, especially in the treatment of childhood obesity (Chesla, 2010). It is crucial that these strategies involve the entire family, as the family environment influences adolescents’ screen use habits (Souza et al., 2020).

Positive modeling and establishing balanced routines

Positive modeling by parents is an essential strategy for guiding children’s screen use (2019). By demonstrating balanced digital habits, adults can positively influence young people’s behavior. Additionally, establishing balanced routines that incorporate physical activity and face-to-face interactions is crucial to counteracting the adverse effects of excessive screen time (Devi & Singh, 2023). Interventions should promote physical activity, regular sleep routines, and adequate sleep duration to mitigate mental health problems and ADHD associated with screen time (nd-a). Research also shows that healthy eating patterns, such as fruit and vegetable consumption, are more frequent in children who adhere to screen time guidelines, suggesting an interconnection between various healthy habits (López Gil et al., 2020).

Educational and technological interventions

Educational and technological interventions represent significant pathways for addressing problematic screen use. School-based preventive interventions have proven effective in reducing problematic digital technology use (Žmavc et al., 2025). Those led by external agents, which actively involve parents, target at-risk youth, or adopt a therapy-based approach, achieve greater success in decreasing problematic digital technology use. Online parent education platforms, incorporating participant-created videos, facilitate the delivery of mental health services to families who might otherwise lack access (Feil et al., 2008). It is crucial to shift the focus of guidelines, prioritizing the quality of screen content and social interactions during use, while discouraging high-risk behaviors such as excessive gaming (Vasconcellos et al., 2025).

Role of public policies and clinical recommendations

Public policies and clinical recommendations are essential to mitigating the risks of excessive screen time. Preventive measures are required, including investments in public education, social policies, legal frameworks, and healthcare systems (Manwell et al., 2022). Healthcare professionals must be highly aware of the risks to vulnerable populations, such as extremely premature infants, and discuss both the benefits and risks of screen time with families (Vohr et al., 2021). Physical therapists, with their focus on physical health and promoting well-being, are strategically positioned to support children and families and contribute to interventions that reduce the risks associated with screen use (Cullen et al., 2024). Policymakers should consider the systemic inclusion of digital addiction interventions within the school curriculum. The effective dissemination of prevention programs is also vital to expanding their reach.

Conclusion

The digital age has transformed everyday interactions, offering tools for learning and social connection, but also presenting challenges stemming from excessive screen time. Current data indicate that a significant proportion of children and adolescents exceed recommended screen time limits, with negative implications for their physical health, cognitive development, and socio-emotional well-being. These challenges range from impacts on sleep, vision, and obesity to alterations in brain development and an increased risk of mental health problems. Overcoming these obstacles requires a multifaceted approach involving families, the school environment, and public policy. Informed family management, positive parental modeling, the promotion of balanced routines, and the implementation of educational and technological interventions are essential components. Furthermore, the commitment of clinicians and policymakers to establish clear guidelines and provide support resources is considered fundamental to cultivating healthy digital habits. Collaboration among all stakeholders will allow us to navigate the benefits and risks of technology, ensuring a more balanced and healthy digital future for generations to come.

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Introduction

The integration of digital technologies into everyday life has profoundly transformed human interactions, learning, and entertainment, especially for children and adolescents (2019) (Panjeti-Madan & Ranganathan, 2023). The ubiquity of devices such as smartphones, tablets, and video game consoles has made screen time an unavoidable part of daily routines. While these digital media offer potential benefits, such as access to social contacts and support, as well as learning opportunities and health promotion (Cullen et al., 2024), their excessive use has raised growing concerns due to its implications for physical and mental health and overall development (Devi & Singh, 2023). The COVID-19 pandemic accentuated this trend, forcing a significant increase in screen time for both educational and leisure purposes (Pardhan et al., 2022). This article addresses the challenges arising from excessive screen use and proposes strategic solutions to foster healthy digital habits.

Current overview of screen use in the digital age

Expansion and normalization of the use of digital devices

The widespread adoption of digital technology has led to the normalization of screen use across all age groups, particularly among young people. Devices such as mobile phones, iPads, and computers are central to children’s daily activities (Panjeti-Madan & Ranganathan, 2023). During the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant increase in screen time was observed among children and adolescents, a trend that raises concerns about its effects on eye and overall health (Pardhan et al., 2022). Despite pediatric guidelines recommending limiting screen time, only a minority of children under five years of age adhere to them (McArthur et al., 2022). For example, only 24.7% of children under two years of age meet the zero-hour screen time recommendation, and 35.6% of children between two and five years of age adhere to the one-hour daily guideline (McArthur et al., 2022).

Sociodemographic and family factors associated with screen time

Various sociodemographic factors and family dynamics influence screen time. Parents’ perceptions of their children’s habits and the presence of televisions or computers in the bedroom are associated with increased screen time (Jain et al., 2023). In one study, 64% of children had a television or computer in their room, which correlated with inattention and hyperactivity problems (Vohr et al., 2021). Youth cultural norms, where screen time is considered an integral part of daily life, also contribute to this trend, facilitating entertainment and social interaction (Minges et al., 2015). Family socioeconomic status can also correlate with screen time and its effects, as sociodemographic inequalities are linked to the burden of mental health disorders, which could be influenced by digital use. In addition, the nutritional status of parents, especially overweight or obesity of the father, has been associated with increased screen time in adolescents (Souza et al., 2020).

International recommendations and challenges in their implementation

The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued specific guidelines to limit daily screen time in order to mitigate its negative health effects (Priftis & Panagiotakos, 2023). Pediatric recommendations vary by age: zero minutes for children aged 0 to 2 years, less than 60 minutes for children aged 3 to 5 years, and 60 minutes for children aged 6 to 8 years (Panjeti-Madan & Ranganathan, 2023). Despite the clarity of these guidelines, their implementation faces significant challenges. A meta-analysis showed that only a minority of young children comply with them, with prevalence rates of 24.7% for children under two years old and 35.6% for children aged two to five years (McArthur et al., 2022). The variability in adherence suggests an urgent need to provide support and resources to families to integrate these evidence-based recommendations into their daily lives (McArthur et al., 2022).

Challenges associated with excessive screen use

Impacts on physical health: sleep, vision, and obesity

Excessive screen time is associated with various negative repercussions for physical health. Impacts on sleep, physical activity, visual acuity, headaches, and musculoskeletal problems have been documented (Priftis & Panagiotakos, 2023)(Devi & Singh, 2023). In particular, eye strain and myopia are prominent concerns, exacerbated by increased digital use during events such as the pandemic (Pardhan et al., 2022). Furthermore, there is a clear association between screen time and the risk of overweight and obesity in children (Priftis & Panagiotakos, 2023)(n.d.)(Souza et al., 2020). Adolescents who accumulate a lot of screen time, both on school days and non-school days, exhibit worse health-related habits, including less physical activity, shorter sleep duration, and a diet less adhering to healthy patterns (Sánchez-Miguel et al., 2022).

Effects on cognitive, emotional, and social development

Prolonged screen time during critical stages of brain development can affect cognitive, emotional, and social development (Manwell et al., 2022). A relationship has been observed between screen time and lower IQ, deficits in executive functions, and inattention problems in school-aged children (Vohr et al., 2021). In early childhood, screen time has a delayed influence on social skills and non-social behaviors, with no inverse relationship observed (Aishworiya et al., 2022). Exposure to television programs and background television are negatively associated with cognitive and psychosocial outcomes (Mallawaarachchi et al., 2024). Daily screen time exceeding four hours is linked to an increased risk of anxiety, depression, behavioral problems, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (nd-a).

Risks of addiction, overexposure, and digital exclusion

Excessive use of digital devices carries risks of addiction and overexposure, especially in children and adolescents (Žmavc et al., 2025). Chronic sensory overstimulation during brain development, caused by excessive screen exposure, can increase the risk of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disorders, and even accelerate neurodegeneration in adulthood (Manwell et al., 2022). There is a reciprocal relationship between screen use and socio-emotional problems, with this association being strongest for video games (Vasconcellos et al., 2025). Digital exclusion, although not explicitly addressed in the documents provided regarding excessive use, can arise if a lack of skills or adequate access to technology limits participation in necessary or beneficial activities, exacerbating existing social gaps. Therefore, it is essential to consider not only the volume but also the quality and context of digital interaction.

Parental and school barriers to reducing screen time

Reducing screen time faces significant barriers both at home and at school. Parents often find themselves in a contradictory position, recognizing the importance of limiting their children’s screen time while simultaneously modeling and promoting its use (Minges et al., 2015). This ambivalence results in inconsistent messaging about appropriate screen use. Youth culture, which integrates screen time as a social norm for entertainment and interaction, also presents an obstacle to behavioral change (Minges et al., 2015). Lack of parental monitoring or ineffective control are contributing factors to the difficulty of adhering to guidelines (Minges et al., 2015). Furthermore, the implementation of international recommendations is hampered by a lack of support and resources available to families, making it difficult to integrate these guidelines into daily life (McArthur et al., 2022).

Solutions and strategies for healthy screen use

Family management and informed monitoring of screen time

To promote healthy screen use, family management and informed monitoring are essential. This involves appropriate management and conscious supervision of screen time and behavior (2019). Establishing agreed-upon rules and limits between parents and children is perceived as an effective strategy (Minges et al., 2015). Family interventions, for their part, have proven beneficial in improving the health of family members, especially in the treatment of childhood obesity (Chesla, 2010). It is crucial that these strategies involve the entire family, as the family environment influences adolescents’ screen use habits (Souza et al., 2020).

Positive modeling and establishing balanced routines

Positive modeling by parents is an essential strategy for guiding children’s screen use (2019). By demonstrating balanced digital habits, adults can positively influence young people’s behavior. Additionally, establishing balanced routines that incorporate physical activity and face-to-face interactions is crucial to counteracting the adverse effects of excessive screen time (Devi & Singh, 2023). Interventions should promote physical activity, regular sleep routines, and adequate sleep duration to mitigate mental health problems and ADHD associated with screen time (nd-a). Research also shows that healthy eating patterns, such as fruit and vegetable consumption, are more frequent in children who adhere to screen time guidelines, suggesting an interconnection between various healthy habits (López Gil et al., 2020).

Educational and technological interventions

Educational and technological interventions represent significant pathways for addressing problematic screen use. School-based preventive interventions have proven effective in reducing problematic digital technology use (Žmavc et al., 2025). Those led by external agents, which actively involve parents, target at-risk youth, or adopt a therapy-based approach, achieve greater success in decreasing problematic digital technology use. Online parent education platforms, incorporating participant-created videos, facilitate the delivery of mental health services to families who might otherwise lack access (Feil et al., 2008). It is crucial to shift the focus of guidelines, prioritizing the quality of screen content and social interactions during use, while discouraging high-risk behaviors such as excessive gaming (Vasconcellos et al., 2025).

Role of public policies and clinical recommendations

Public policies and clinical recommendations are essential to mitigating the risks of excessive screen time. Preventive measures are required, including investments in public education, social policies, legal frameworks, and healthcare systems (Manwell et al., 2022). Healthcare professionals must be highly aware of the risks to vulnerable populations, such as extremely premature infants, and discuss both the benefits and risks of screen time with families (Vohr et al., 2021). Physical therapists, with their focus on physical health and promoting well-being, are strategically positioned to support children and families and contribute to interventions that reduce the risks associated with screen use (Cullen et al., 2024). Policymakers should consider the systemic inclusion of digital addiction interventions within the school curriculum. The effective dissemination of prevention programs is also vital to expanding their reach.

Conclusion

The digital age has transformed everyday interactions, offering tools for learning and social connection, but also presenting challenges stemming from excessive screen time. Current data indicate that a significant proportion of children and adolescents exceed recommended screen time limits, with negative implications for their physical health, cognitive development, and socio-emotional well-being. These challenges range from impacts on sleep, vision, and obesity to alterations in brain development and an increased risk of mental health problems. Overcoming these obstacles requires a multifaceted approach involving families, the school environment, and public policy. Informed family management, positive parental modeling, the promotion of balanced routines, and the implementation of educational and technological interventions are essential components. Furthermore, the commitment of clinicians and policymakers to establish clear guidelines and provide support resources is considered fundamental to cultivating healthy digital habits. Collaboration among all stakeholders will allow us to navigate the benefits and risks of technology, ensuring a more balanced and healthy digital future for generations to come.

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